An Overview of the Causes and Effects of Overfishing

Overfishing is one of the biggest threats to the environment today. While fishing may be harmless, problems arise when humans do it at a rate that outpaces the natural replacement of the fish population. Contrary to popular belief, ocean life is not an inexhaustible resource, and overfishing is a problem that affects all bodies of water – oceans, ponds, or lakes. According to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization, more than 70 percent of fisheries in the world are either fully or over-exploited.

In the past 50 years, the number of overfished stocks worldwide has tripled. This phenomenon poses many adverse effects on the environment, one of which is the disruption of the food chain. When keystone species like sharks are overfished, it affects the population of other species and disrupts the balance in marine ecosystems. Also, when the fish population that feeds on algae declines, it causes algae to grow unchecked, threatening the survival of coral reefs. Herbivorous fish are necessary to keep the coral clean and healthy.

Overfishing also affects the survival of endangered species and threatens biodiversity. Constantly fishing particular specie of fish can put such species at risk of extinction. Many large-scale fishing activities also contribute largely to marine pollution, especially due to oil and chemical spills. These can have devastating consequences on the environment. Regions that economically rely on fishing jobs and fish as a protein source also face major risks.

Several factors enable the problem of overfishing. One of these is the economic and food needs. Human demand for food has significantly increased along with the population. The World Wide Fund revealed that about 3 billion people globally depend on wild-caught and farmed seafood as a primary protein source. Thus, due to the market demand coupled with economic aspirations, the fishing industry is catching more fish than the oceans can naturally replace.

Many fishing methods also contribute to overfishing and endanger marine life. Using certain fishing gear like nets to catch fish often leads to the problem of bycatch, which is a large contributor to the problem of overfishing. Bycatch refers to the incidental capture of non-target marine species. These animals are trapped in fisher’s gear and tossed back into the water or killed. Animals like sea birds, marine turtles, and invertebrates are usually most affected by bycatch. Unfortunately, bycatch occurs so often that it threatens millions of sea animals annually. In some fisheries, the percentage of bycatch outweighs that of the target catch.

Unfortunately, poor management in the fisheries industry allows problems of overfishing to thrive. Fishing areas are largely unprotected and open to fishing fleets. Thus, thousands of commercial fishing vehicles ply the oceans with limited regulatory systems to protect ocean life. Illegal fishing is also rampant and a huge contributor to adverse ocean impacts. According to the World Wide Fund, illegal fishing makes up about 20 percent of the world’s catch.

Government subsidies further worsen this problem. By providing financial support to the fishing industry, the massive operations that contribute to overfishing heighten. Subsidies reduce the cost of doing business and lead to the overcapacity of fishing vessels, making operations much bigger than necessary.

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Rachmaninoff’s Most Famous Pieces

Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff is one of the most famous Russian pianists and conductors. He lived from April 1, 1873, to March 28, 1943. His works are defined by sweeping melodies, virtuoso pianism, and opulent orchestration. Rachmaninov’s skill was influenced by his music education, which began with his mother, preparing him primarily for the role of a professional classical pianist.

However, his display of extraordinary talent as a young composer, as evidenced by the C Sharp Minor Prelude and the one-act opera Aleko, which he wrote while still in his youth, proved he had a future brighter than that of an average professional pianist.

His style and level of skill are said to have been influenced by composers like Rimsky-Korsakov and astounded his mentor, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the best composers of the time. As a result, the majority of his works are in a later Romantic genre similar to Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. At the same time, a few of his works have clear traces of Francois Chopin and Franz Liszt.

During his career Rachmaninoff composed 45 pieces, including 39 opus-numbered pieces, which he wrote while in Russia. He wrote the remaining six during his stay in the United States. His pieces are considered some of the best examples of the Romantic composing style to come out of Russia.

One example is Fantasy Pieces, Opus 3 – No. 2 Prelude in C sharp minor. Rachmaninoff wrote this piece while on a summer vacation at his aunt’s house in Ivanovka. He was inspired to create several of his most well-known works in this house, including his Prelude No. 2 in C sharp minor.

This composition, one of Rachmaninoff’s first, was written when he was 19. The song was derived from or taken from the composer’s 1892 collection of five solo piano compositions, Five Fantasy Pieces, Opus 3.

Much has been written regarding this piece’s complexity. For example, pianists who have attempted to perform this piece claim that while its slow tempo may make it appear simple, the chordal theme calls for endurance, solid technique, and the correct hand posture to strike all the notes in the chords simultaneously.

Another standout composition is 14 Romances, Opus 34 – No. 14 Vocalise, which is the last of his 14 Romances, Opus 34. It was written in 1912 and released in 1915 when the World War I was at its worst and his friend, the composer Alexander Scriabin, had just passed away.

This piece contains no words, so it may be sung using only a single vowel sound. It was initially composed for a soprano or tenor vocal with a piano background.

This composition expresses enormous delight and profound despair in a very evocative way. Critics and music experts identify it as solemn, almost religious music.

Another of his great pieces is Rhapsody on a theme by Paganini, Opus 43, which was composed in 1934. The debut of this piece took place in Maryland in the same year, with Rachmaninoff performing the solo piano part. This piece was inspired by a series of well-known versions of Niccol Paganini’s Caprice No. 24 for solo violin.

After completing four piano concerti, Rachmaninoff started a new symphonic orchestra composition in 1934 that had 24 variants on the well-known violin tune of Niccolo Paganini. The endeavor was challenging because the topic had previously been exploited by several other musicians, most prominently Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms. Although Rachmaninoff’s composition only has one movement instead of the customary three, it nonetheless adheres to the standard concerto pace structure, starting and finishing quickly with a slower middle part.

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The Differences between Acoustic and Digital Pianos

Pianos have existed and been evolving for about 300 years. The first piano was created by Bartolomeo Cristofori, an Italian inventor. With today’s technology there are now digital pianos, which are extremely similar to an acoustic piano except that they require electricity to function.

A fundamental difference between an acoustic and digital piano is in their action. The Italian inventor Cristofori was responsible for the invention of the very first acoustic piano action, and these actions have been in continuous development for the past three centuries. The basic function of a piano action is to convert the simple lever of a fulcrum into a striking motion for the string, which is similar to a hammer going up and coming back down. One of the attributes of the acoustic piano is the difference in tone and volume gotten when a player strikes a key. The intensity of the strike on the string could be hard or soft, depending on how the player hits the key. By applying different amounts of pressure on the keys, the player can create different tones and vary the volume. These nuances are achieved due to the mechanical link to the acoustic piano that the player has by pressing the keys.

On the other hand, digital piano actions try to recreate these subtle variations by simulating the swinging motion of the key. When the keys are pressed on a digital piano, there is a counterweight that swings up to achieve the effect. At this point, a sensor picks up the motion and determines if the key was pressed softly or firmly, and translates this into a corresponding volume. This technology, while it does provide substantial variation, does not provide quite the subtle expression of tone that an acoustic piano can.

Since acoustic pianos employ the use of strings and digital pianos do not, they require routine maintenance and should be tuned at least once or twice annually. It is quite important to employ the services of a piano tuner because it is extremely difficult for a nonprofessional to tune a piano, unlike other instruments. Digital pianos, on the other hand, do not require tuning and therefore require little if any maintenance.

Another clear distinction between acoustic and digital pianos is the quality of the sound they produce. Acoustic pianos can produce beautiful organic sounds that are very difficult for even the most expensive digital pianos to produce. If the choice of the player is classical music and they are quite serious about their music, it would be best to use an acoustic piano. However, digital pianos sometimes have an advantage over acoustic pianos due to their consistency in delivering the same sound in a variety of environments. Acoustic pianos are at a drawback here, as they need regular tuning and are subject to external factors like changes in temperature and humidity.

All acoustic pianos are large, and even upright acoustic pianos requires a lot of space. In contrast, digital pianos can easily be moved around by just one person, which of course makes it easy for performing artists to play at different venues.

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How Excess Carbon Dioxide Poisons Ocean Waters

 Since the Industrial Revolution began over two centuries ago, the levels of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), have risen to a detrimental degree. Excess CO2 doesn’t only contribute to global warming; it also increases the acidity of ocean waters. Ocean acidification is a fatal consequence of climate change that threatens the lives of marine creatures and humans.

Human activities such as fossil fuel use and deforestation result in high CO2 emissions. The oceans typically absorb around one-third of atmospheric CO2. As more CO2 saturates the atmosphere, more dissolves in the oceans. This process alters the chemistry of ocean waters, raising the concentration of hydrogen ions and resulting in a drop in pH.

Over the course of 200 years, ocean acidity has increased by 30 percent. Its current pH is 8.1, the lowest in 26,000 years. Without effective interventions, it may drop even more, further exacerbating the chemical imbalance. Additionally, a growing acidity level in ocean waters impacts their capacity to absorb CO2. Over time, oceans won’t be able to absorb it, leaving the atmosphere overloaded with excess emissions, and the consequent climate change effects will only get worse.

Ocean acidification endangers the stability of countless marine ecosystems. When CO2 enters the oceans, it bonds with water molecules and available carbonate ions. Unfortunately, these precious ions are crucial to calcifying marine creatures like coral and many mollusks, including sea snails, oysters, and clams. Calcifying species combine carbonate ions with calcium to build their sturdy skeletons and shells.

As more CO2 dissolves in water and depletes carbonate ions, marine creatures struggle to obtain the carbonate ions that they need. Consequently, they are unable to maintain their structural integrity. Their shells become weaker, making them at risk of more serious storm damage. Mollusks may experience a 40 percent drop in calcification, which lowers their chances of survival.

Coral reefs especially suffer from ocean acidification. Acidic waters hinder coral reefs from creating calcified skeletons and prevent them from recovering at a healthy rate. Similarly, calcifying algae don’t fare well in an acidic ocean; they may experience up to an 80 percent decrease in population.

Long-term severe acidification may lead to the complete dissolution of some species, including cold and warm water coral reefs. The loss of coral reefs has a deadly effect on an ecosystem scale. Many reefs provide shelter to a wide variety of marine species. A decaying coral reef population inevitably leads to a collapse in marine biodiversity.

The rising acidity of ocean waters also affects some fish species, including clownfish. Studies show that lower pH levels hinder the ability of clownfish to locate safe places for habitat and detect predators. These life-threatening dangers can reduce clownfish populations, engendering imbalance in the marine food web.

The impact of ocean acidification on fish unavoidably ripples into human societies. Millions of people depend on the ocean’s riches as a source of seafood. A scarce seafood supply threatens food security around the world and affects fisheries that face the risk of collapse if fish populations continue to dwindle.

The livelihood of coral reefs is closely tied to that of many island inhabitants. Coral reefs serve as protective barriers against the catastrophic effects of storms and cyclones. They also mediate erosion from destroying human habitats.